tXhe-¡c sshZy³ IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xhpw hwim-h-enbpw

tXh-e-¡c

sImÃw PnÃ-bpsS hS¡p ]Sn-ªmdv `mK-¯v, AjvSap-Sn-¡m-b-en\p kao]w, HmWm«pIc ImÀjnI taJebn ØnXn sN¿p¶ Ø-e-amWv tXh-e-¡-c. Icp-\m-K-¸Ån Xmeq-¡n DÄs¸-«n-cp¶ ]gb tXh-e-¡c {]hÀ¯n-bn hS-¡³ ssa\m-K-¸Ån, ]Sn-ªm-ä¡-c, Ing-t¡-¡-c, \Sp-hn-e-¡-c, ]p¯³ kt¦Xw, ]me-bv¡Â Acn-\-ÃqÀ apX-emb Ic-IÄ DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶p.- `-cW kuI-cy-¯n-\p-th­n tXh-e-¡c {]hÀ¯nsb hn`-Pn¨p tXh-e-¡c, ssa\m-K-¸Ån F¶ c­p ]Ip-Xn-IÄ B¡n. Ct¸mÄ Chsb hntÃ-Pp-IÄ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. 

DÛhw

_n. kn. c­mw iX-I-¯nsâ Bcw`w apXte D¯-tc-´y-bn \n¶pw B{Ôm, IÀ®m-SIw XpS-§nb {]tZ-i-§fn \n¶pw {_mÒ-WÀ tIc-f-¯n IpSn-tbdn ]mÀ¡m³ XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. (a-t\m-ca CbÀ_p¡v 1959 t]Pv 30) Cu {_mÒ-WÀ {ItaW henb `qkz-¯p-¡Ä¡v DS-a-I-fm-bn. Npäpw ]mÀ¯-hÀ Irjn-¡mcpw Ah-cpsS B{in-X-cp-am-bn.

Xncp-hn-Xm-wIqÀ tZiw

F.Un. 1729 apX 1758 hsc I\ym-Ip-amcn apX CS-h -hsc hym]n-¨n-cp¶ thWmSv (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p sX¡pÅ {]tZ-i-§Ä) `cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv A\ngw Xncp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-WvUhÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hmbn-cp-¶p. Ct±lw Bän-§Â, tZi-§n-\mSv, Imbw-Ip-fw, Cf-bn-S¯p kzcq]w, sN-¼-ItÈcn, -sX-¡pw-IqÀ, hS-¡pw-IqÀ, XpS-§nb cmPy-§Ä B{I-an-¨p- Io-g-S¡n  thWm-Sn-t\mSp tNÀ¯p Xncp-hnXmw-IqÀ F¶ cmPy-ambn hnI-kn-¸n-¨p. A§s\ tZi-§n-\mSv \m«p-cm-Py-¯n s]«n-cp¶ tXh-e-¡c {]hniy Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `mK-ambn. CSh apX- It¶än hsc DÅ Øe-§Ä BWv tZi-§n-\mSv  cmPy-¯n DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.- tZ-i-§n-\m-Snsâ Xe-Øm\w sImÃw Bbn-cp-¶p.

tXh-e-¡-c-bnse aT-§Ä

tZ-i-§n-\mSv cmPys¯ {]apJ \¼q-Xncn IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp¶ awK-e-tÈ-cn a\ tXh-e-¡-c-bn Bbn-cp-¶p. Ba-¨nd t£{Xw awK-e-tÈcn a-\-bpsS IpSpw_t£-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. awK-e-tÈcn a\-bnÂ\n¶pw Imem-Im-e-§-fn 18 ]n³Xp-SÀ¨m imJ-IÄ ]ncnªv aT-§Ä  \nÀ½n¨p Xma-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. s]cp-a-\, Xmg-aw-K-e¯p a\, s]cp-¼-ffn a\ IÃn-\m a\, sN¼-I-¸-d¼v a\, ]p-Xp-tÈcn a\ ]p¶-¡m«v a\, ]pfn-´m-\¯v a\ F¶n-§s\ 18 aT-§Ä tXh-e-¡-c-bn D­m-bn-cp-¶p. ta¸-dª aT-§-fn NneXv A\yw \n¶v t]mhp-Ibpw  aäp NneÀ aThpw  hkvXp-¡-fpw Dt]-£n¨p aäp Øe-§-fn-te¡p Xmakw amäp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xmg-aw-K-e¯p aThpw aäp Nne aT-§fpw Ah-ti-jn-¨p. 

tZh]qP sN¿p¶ {_mÒ-WÀ ASp-¯-Sp-¯p- Xma-kn¨ncp¶XpsIm­v Cu {]tZ-is¯ tZh]me-IÀ Ic-sb¶v hnfn-¨p. Imem-´-c-¯n tem-]n¨v tXh-e-¡c Bbn XoÀ¶p.

awK-e-tÈ-cn a\, am[-h-aw-Kew a\

hfsc {]i-kvXn-bnepw {]Xm-]-¯nepw hmW-cp-fnb awK-e-tÈ-cn a\ Aán¡v Cc-bmbn. Aán _m[-bn BÄ\m-ihpw [\\mihpw kw`-hn-¨p. awK-etÈcn a\-bnse tijn¨ IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä heyho«nse (am¸nf hoSv) hoSv \n¡p¶ `mK-¯mbn  (sIm«m-c-¯n \n¶p \nÀ½n-¨p-sIm-Sp¯  hoSnâ C¶v  Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ `mK-¯v) am[-h-aw-Kew F¶ t]cn Hcp aTw \nÀ½n¨p AhnsS Xma-k-am¡n. Cu aT-¯n c­p \¼q-Xn-cnamÀ D­m-bn-cp-¶p. tPyjvT³ am[hcv \¼q-Xn-cnbpw A\pP³ hm-kp-tZ-hcv \¼q-Xn-cnbpw. am[hcv \¼q-Xncn tImX-aw-K-e¯v XcpW\ÃqÀ a\-bnÂ\n-¶mWv hnhmlw Ign-¨ncp-¶-Xv. tXh-e-¡c {]tZ-i¯v Hcp ]IÀ¨-hym[n ]nSn-s¸-«p. ]e IpSpw-_-§-fnepw [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ acn-¨p. am[-h-aw-K-e¯v a\-bnepw ]IÀ¨-hym[n hym]n¡p-Ibpw hmkp-tZ-hcv \¼q-Xn-cnbpw IpSpw-_hpw ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-t\-¯p-SÀ¶v am[-hcv \¼q-Xn-cnbpw IpSpw-_hpw kZm-k-a-bhpw Cuiz-cm-cm-[-\-bn apgp-In IpSpw_ t£{X-amb Ba-¨nd t£{Xk¶n-[n-bn A`-bw-tX-Sn.  t£{X-t¯mSp sXm«p InS-¡p-¶Xpw  XmgvN-bp-Å-Xp-amb X§-fpsS ]pc-bn-S-¯n am[hawK-e¯v a\-bpsS Hcp `mKw s]mfn¨psIm-­p-h¶v AXn Xma-k-am-¡n.  Cuizc Bcm-[-\-bn hym]r-X-\m-Ip-¶-Xn\v th­n-bmWv t£{X-¯n\p kao-]-t¯¡v Xmakw amän-b-Xv.  XmgvN-bpÅ Øe¯v ØnXn sNbvXn--cp-¶-Xn-\m Xmsg awK-e¯v aTw F¶v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.  B t]cv tem]n-¨mWv XmgawK-e¯v aTw F¶mbXv.  C¶v Xmg-aw-K-e¯p CSn-¨m­n sshZysâ aI³ Xma-kn-¡p¶ Ø-e-¯mWv  aTw ØnXn sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xpw A¶v \¼q-Xncn \nÀ½n¨ InW-dmWv C¶pw AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xpw.

Cu aT-¯n-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v  AXn\v hS¡p hi-apÅ sXm«-Sp¯ ]pc-bn-S-¯nsâ  Db-c-apÅ `mK¯v Hcp D]-aTw IqSnbp­m-bn-cp¶p AXns\ AI-¸p-d¯p aTw F¶p hnfn-¨n-cp-¶p.

sImÃ-hÀjw 825 (F.-Un.1650) t\mSSp¯ Ime¯v XmgawK-e¯v aT-¯n  tIi-h³ \¼q-Xncn IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\mbn. At±lw Xc-W-\-ÃqÀ a\-bnse Hcp  D]-im-J-bn \n¶v tZhIn A´ÀP\s¯  hnhmlw Ign-¨p.  Cu Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v, IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn, Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xncn F¶n-§s\  c­p B¬ a¡fpw btim-[c F¶ Hcp aIfpw D­m-bn-cp-¶p. btim-[-csb amXr IpSpw-_-amb XcpW\ÃqÀ a\-bv¡se ]ß-\m-`³ \¼q-Xncn  hnhmlw Ign-¨p. IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn tImX-aw-K-e¯p  \n¶v e£van A´ÀP-\s¯ hnhmlw Ign¨p. Cfb aI-\mb  Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xncn IÃS s]cp-th-en-¡c a\-bn Pm\In A´ÀÖ-\s¯ hnhmlw Ign-¨p. ChÀ FÃm-hcpw  kt´m-j-t¯mSpw sFIy-t¯mSpw  aT-¯n Ign-ªp-h¶p.

IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw kwkvIr-X-¯n ]mWvUnXyw DÅ-hÀ Bbn-cp-¶p.

IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn `mcy-bpsS \mSmb tImX-aw-K-e¯p \n¶p Hcn-ïp \mbsc Imcy-Ø-\mbn tXh-e-¡-c-bn sIm­p-h-¶p.AI-¸p-d¯p aT-¯nsâ ASp-¯pÅ ssI¸Ån ]pc-bn-S-¯n hoSp ]WnXp AhnsS Xma-kn-¸n-¨p. aTw hI Imcy-§Ä ]nÅ {i²m-]qÀÆw \nd-th-än.

aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w

IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn `mcym-k-taXw tImX-aw-K-e-t¯¡v bm{X t]mIp¶ ]Xn-hp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. B Ime¯v Zqc-bm{X hÅ-¯nepw sNdnb bm{X hnÃp-h-­n-bnepw Bbn-cp¶p. IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw `mcybpw hÅ-¯n-emWv tImX-aw-K-e¯p t]mbn-cp-¶-Xv. bm{Xmat²y hÅw Ic-bv¡-Sp-¸n¨v Bh-iy-apÅ km[-\-§Ä ASp-¯pÅ It¼m-f-§-fn \n¶pw hm§n-¡pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. A§s\ Hc-hkc-¯n tIm«-b¯v hÅw ASp-¸n¨v A§mSn-bn-te¡v Bfns\ Ab-¨n«v hn{i-an-¡p-t¼mÄ hgn-bpsS hi¯v Hcp BÄ¡q«w I­p. At±lw AXv {i²n-¨p. AsX-¸än At\z-jn-¨p. AXv kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS  kphn-tij {]kwKw BsW¶p a\Ên-em-¡n.B ktµi-§fpw P\-§-fpsS `ànbpw IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cnsb BIÀjn-¨p. XpI-en teJ\w sNbvX Hcp thZ-]p-kvXI {]Xn At±-l-¯n\v - AhnsS\n¶pw k½m-\-ambn e`n-¨p.  At±lw thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-¡p-¶Xp ioe-am-¡n.  Xsâ bm{X-¡n-S-bn cq]m-´-chpw  am\-km-´-chpw {]m]n¨v  {InkvXob hnizmkn Bbn.  tImX-aw-K-e-¯p-\n¶pw aS§n tXh-e-¡c h¶p thZ-]p-kvXI hmb\ XpSÀ¶Xnsâ t]cn Cfb ktlm-Z-c³ ZmtamZ-c³ \¼q-Xncn ]nW-§n. Bb-Xn-\m IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw IpSpw-_hpw AI-¸p-d¯v aT-¯n-te¡v Xmakw amän. Xma-kn-bmsX IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw e£van A´ÀP-\hpw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn¨p. F.-Un. 1675 t\mS-Sp¯v  tIm«bw ]gb kpdn-bm\n ]Ån-bn IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn sXm½³ F¶ t]cnepw e£van A´ÀP\w adnbw F¶ t]cnepw kv\m\w Gäp {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn. ChÀ¡v sXm½³ sXm½³ F¶ aI³ P\n-¡pbpw tXh-e-¡c ]Ån-bnÂsh¨v amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 

{InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn¨ \¼q-Xn-cnamÀ Ah-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-§fpw BNm-c-§fpw amän-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Bb-Xn-\m ]qWq [cn-¨Xpw D¨n-bn IpSpw½n DÅXp-amb {InkvXym-\n-IÄ A¶v D­m-bn-cp-¶p.

Cfb ktlm-Z-c³ Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS ]pd-¸mSv

tPyjvT ktlm-Z-c-\mb IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS aXw amä-¯nsâ at\m-`m-c-¯m Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw IpSpw-_hpw tXh-e-¡-c-bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd-s¸-«v `mcy-bpsS Øe-amb IÃS s]cp-th-en-¡c F¶ Øe¯v Xmg-aw-Kew F¶ t]cn aTw Øm]n-¨p AhnsS Xma-k-am-¡n. Zmtam-Z-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS acW-tijw ]n³Km-an-IÄ sIm-«m-c-¡-cbv¡v t]mhp-Ibpw  Xmg-aw-Kew F¶ t]cn Hcp aTw \nÀ½n¨v Xma-k--am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu IpSpw-_-¯nse A\-´-cm-h-Im-in-IÄ ]n¶oSv aq¶p imJ-I-fmbn ]ncn-ªp. AXn-semcp IpSpw_w sIm«m-c-¡-cbv¡p kao]w tIm«-h-«¯p Xma-k-am-¡n. ap³ tIcf kv]o¡À A´-cn¨ {io.-Un. Zmtam-Z-c³ t]män tIm«-h-«¯p Xmg-aw-K-e¯p IpSpw-_mw-K-am-Wv. 

hncm-S -cm-P-Kpcp

sXm½³ sXm½sâ _mey-Im-e¯p `n£m-S-\-¯n-\n-d-§nb Hcp cmP-Kpcp {_mÒ-W-aTw F¶p ktµ-ln¨p AI-¸p-d¯p aT-¯nÂh¶p Ib-dn. hncmScmPyw ssakq-dn\p hS-¡pÅ hfsc {]kn-²-amb Hcp cmPy-am-bn-cp-¶p. hoSpw [\hpw Dt]-£n¨v hm\-{]Øa\p-jvTn¨v `n£m-S\w \S¯n  k©-cn-¨p-h¶ k\ymkn sXm½³ adnbw Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS s]cp-am-ä-¯nepw _p²n-km-aÀ°y-¯nepw k´p-jvS-\m-bn. `à-cmb Cu Ip-Spw-_-hp-sam¯v injvSm-bpÊv {]mÀ°-\bpw [ym\hpw Bbn Ign-bp-hm³ B{Klw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. k\ym-kn-tbmSv X§Ä {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-sW¶v ho«p-ImÀ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n. FÃm aX-§-tfbpw _lp-am-\n-¡p¶p F¶p ]dªv k\ymkn AhnsS Xma-k-am-cw-`n-¨p.

hncmScmP- Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂs¸« BfmWp Xms\¶pw k\ymkn Ah-tcmSp ]d-ªp. At±lw kÀÆwK sshZy\pw kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X\pw Bbn-cp-¶p. sXm½³ sXm½sâ hnZym-`ymkw At±lw Gsä-Sp-¯p. kwkvIrX hnZym-`ym-khpw sshZyhpw {]Zm\w sNbvXp. _mes\ Hcp D¯a ]WvUn-X\pw `nj-Kz-c-\p-am-¡n. {KÙ-§-fn CÃm¯ ]e {]tbm-K§fpw Kpfn-I \nÀ½mWhpw _me\v D]-tZ-in-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ime-{I-taW sXm½³ sXm½³ I®p NnIn-Õ-bn hfsc sshZKv²yw t\Sn. sNdp-¸-¯n Xs¶ sXm½³ sXm½³ {]i-kvX-\mb Hcp I®p sshZy-\mbn XoÀ¶p. tcmKn-IÄ¡v kuP\y NnIn-Õ-bmWv sXm½³ sXm½³ \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. hncmS cmP-Kpcp kam[n Bb-t¸mÄ lnµp-aX BNm-c-{]-Imcw IÀ½-§Ä \S¯n AI-¸p-d¯p aT-¯nsâ sXm«-Sp¯ ]pc-bn-S-¯n kwkvI-cn-¨p. ae-bmf hÀjw 1060(F.-Un. 1885) hsc ChnsS _lp-am-\-]qÀÆw hnf¡p -sIm-fp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.

hncmS cmP-Kp-cp-hnsâ ]qPm ]m{X-§Ä, saXn-b-Sn, DS-bm-S, Xe-¸mhv, Nµ\ hSn, Ccp¶p ]qP sN¿p¶ ]oVw apX-emb km[-\-§Ä am¸nf hoSv(henb hoSv)sâ Ad-bn `{Z-ambn ]pcm-h-kvXp-hmbn kq£n-¨p-sh-¨n-«p-­v.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-hnsâ amXm-hnsâ I®p NnIn-Õbpw  sshZy³ ]Z-hnbpw 

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw cmP-sIm-«m-c-¯n sXm½³ sshZy-s\-¸än Adnhp In«n-b-Xn\p ]n¶n Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-­v. tImX-aw-K-e-¯p-\n¶v IrjvW³ \¼q-Xncn Imcy-Ø-\mbn sIm­p-h¶ ]nÅ ]n¶oSp ]ß-\m-`-kzman t£{X-¯n DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn. CS-bv¡nsS tXh-e-¡c kµÀin-¡m-dp-­m-bn-cp¶ ]nÅ I®p-Nn-InÕ-bn sXm½³ sXm½sâ ss\]pWyw I­-dn-ªn-cp-¶p. 

A¡m-e¯p Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPyw `cn-¨n-cp¶ A\ngw Xncp-\mÄ amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ A½-bpsS I®n\v Bekyw t\cn-Sp-Ibpw NnIn-Õn-¡m³ Hcp \à sshZys\ tXSnb cmPmhv ]nÅ-bnÂ\n-¶p- tI-«-dnªn«v sXm½³ sXm½s\ Iev]\ Ab-¨p-h-cp-¯n. ]e-ssh-Zy-·mÀ¡pw kpJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm-Xn-cp¶ alm-dm-Wnsb sXm½³ sXm½³ kpJ-s¸-Sp-¯n. cmPm-hnsâ kt´m-j-¯n\v AXn-cn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.

alm-cm-Pmhv sXm½³ sXm½³ sshZys\ F.-Un. 1740  sIm«mcw I®p sshZy-\mbn \nb-an-¡p-Ibpw B Øm\w ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bmbn XpSÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\pw sshZy³ F¶ Øm\-t¸cp  Cu IpSpw-_-¯nse ]pcp-j-·mÀ t]cn-t\mSp tNÀ¯p Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn\pw I¸n-¨p D¯-c-hm-bn. A§-s\-bmWv sshZy³ F¶ Øm\-t¸-cp-­m-b-Xv.   AXv C¶p-h-scbpw \ne--\n-¶p-t]m-cp-¶p. 

sIm«m-c-¯nÂ\n¶p ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-§Ä

sXm½³ sXm½³ sshZysâ tXh-e-¡-c-bn-te-¡pÅ aS-¡-bm-{Xbv¡pw alm-dm-Wn-bpsS NnIn-Õbv¡pw GXm\pw amk-§sf-Sp-¯p. alm-cm-Pmhv sIm«m-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw DtZym-K-Øsc Ab¨v AI-¸p-d-¯p-aTw ]pXp-¡n-¸-Wn-Xp am¸nf hoSv (henb hoSv) F¶ t]cpw \ÂIn. \nIpXn CÃmsX `qkz-¯p-¡-fpw hnivjvS ]mcn-tXm-jnI§fpw \ÂIn. B­p-tXmdpw hoSn\v Aä-Ipä¸Wn \S-¯p-hm³ Ic-{]-am-Wnsb Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n. am¸n-f-hoSv F¶p sIm«m-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw I¸n-¨p- t]-cn-s«-¦nepw  Fgp-¯p-Ip-¯n am{Xta B t]cv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-Åp.

sXm½³ sXm½³ sshZysâ acWw hsc FÃm-am-khpw cmP-`r-Xy-·mÀ a©-ep-ambn h¶v sshZys\ sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v Fgp-¶-Ån-¨p-sIm-­p-t]mIp-Ibpw  Nne Znh-k-§Ä cmP-k-¶n-[n Xma-kn¨v k¡-cn-¨-Xn-\p-tijw XncnsI tXh-e-¡-c-bn F¯n-¡p-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-¡m-cmb IpSpw-_mwK-§Ä sIm«mcw I®p sshZy-·mcmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-¨p. 

sIm«mcw I®p sshZy-·mÀ

1. sXm½³ sXm½³ sshZy³   am¸nf hoSv

2. sIm¨p sXm½³ sshZy³   am¸nf hoSv

3. D½q½³ sshZy³     am¸nf hoSv

4. Ipªp-tImin sshZy³   am¸nf hoSv

5. eqt¡mkv sshZy³   X¿n hoSv,Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

6. FÂ.-kn. tImin sshZy³   X¿n hoSv,Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

7. Ipªm­n sshZy³   sX§pw-hnf hSt¡-XnÂ

8. sIm¨p-tImin sshZy³   sX§pw-hnf hSt¡-XnÂ

9. D½q½³ sshZy³ (t_-_n) sX§pw-hnf hSt¡-XnÂ

 

D½q-½³ sshZysâ Ime-tijw Kh¬saâv D¯-c-hv {]-Imcw sIm«mcw sshZy³ XkvXnI \nÀ¯-em-¡n.

 

tXh-e-¡c sshZy³ IpSpw_ hwim-hen

IrjvW³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS aI³ sXm½³ sXm½³ sshZy³ tXh-e-¡-c- Xc-bn Xc-Isâ (sIm-ïp \n¶v I¨-h-S-¯n-\p-th­n tXh-e-¡-c-bn IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯)GI-a-I-fmb Ipªm-­-½sb hnhmlw Ign¨p. aq¶mw Xe-ap-d-¡m-cmbn aq¶p a¡Ä: 

F. sIm¨p sXm½³ sshZy³ (am-¸nf hoSv)

   _n. Ipªm-¡m­ sshZy³(-X-c-bnÂ) 

kn. tImin sshZy³ (Ip¼-f¯v)

 

F. sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy³(am-¸nf hoSv)

sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZysâ aq¯ aI-\mb sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy³ ]qÀÆ ]nXm-¡-·m-cmb {_mÒ-W-cpsS BNmc {]Imcw Xd-hm«p IpSpw-_-amb am¸nf ho«n Xs¶ Xma-kn-¨p. ]pXp-ho-«n Xc-Isâ GI aI-fmb  Ipª-¶m½sb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. AhÀ¡v \memw Xe-ap-d-bmbn c­p a¡Ä.

D½q-½³ sshZy³(am¸nf hoSv) sNdn-bXp sshZy³ ]p¯³ho-Sv) 

aq¯-a-I³ D½q-½³ sshZy³ IÃ-S -a-e-bn apX-em-fn-bpsS aIÄ B¨n-b-½sb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. AhÀ¡v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bmbn aq¶p B¬a-¡fpw Hcp ]p{Xnbpw D­m-bn-cp-¶p.  ]p{Xnsb ASqÀ sXt¡-ho-«n sI«n-¨p. Ipªp-tImin sshZy³ (am¸nf hoSv) Ipªm­n sshZy³(-ssI-X-hn-f-bnÂ) D½q-½³ sshZy³ (sX§pw-hn-f-bnÂ) 

sNdn-bXv sshZy³ Xp¼-a¬ sXt¡ ho«n Ipª-¶m-½sb  hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±lw hey ho«nse hoSnsâ hS-¡p-amdv Hcp hoSp ]Wn-bn¨v ]p¯³hoSv F¶p t]cn«v At§m-«p-amdn Xma-kn-¨p.AhÀ¡v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bmbn aq¶p a¡Ä: D½q-½³ sshZy³ (tXm­-¸p-d-¯v) -tIminsshZy³(s]cp-a\ ]p¯³ho-Sv-þ-sIm-¶-hn-f-bnÂ) sNdn-bXv sshZy³(-]p-¯³ ho«nÂ)

_n. Ipªm-¡m­ sshZy³(X-c-bnÂ)

aq¶mw Xe-ap-d-bnse c­m-as¯ aI-\mb Ipªm-¡m­ sshZy³ Xc-bn Xc-Isâ Ime-tijw A½ ho-«n-te¡p  amdn Xma-kn-¨p.(tXh-e-¡c N´bv¡p kao-]w)

 At±lw amd-\m«p \n¶pw hnhmlw Ign¨v Hcp aI³þsIm¨p sXm½³(\memw Xe-ap-d) sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy\pw Hcp aI³.D½q-½³ sshZy³ (A©mw X-e-apd) D½q-½³ sshZy\v Hcp aIÄþ Ipªm-¨n(Bdmw Xe-ap-d) Ipªm-¨nsb sIm«m-c-¡c ]­Iime-bn ഗീവർഗീസ് hnhmlw Ign¨v കളീലിൽ ho«n Xma-k-am-¡n. 

kn. tImin sshZy³ Ip¼-f¯v

sXm½³ sshZyâ aq¶m-as¯ aI-\mb tImin sshZy³ (Ip-¼-f-¯v) am¸nf hoSn\p ]Sn-ªm-dp-h-i-¯pÅ Ip¼-f¯p ]pc-bnS-¯n hoSv \nÀ½n¨v AhnsS Xma-kn-¨p. At±lw c­p hnhmlw Ign-¨p.- BZyw IÃq-¸m-d-bnÂ\n¶pw A¶-½sb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. AhÀ¡v \memw Xe-ap-d-bmbn c­m¬a-¡fpw Hcp aIfpw P\n-¨p. aq¯ aI³ sXm½³ sshZy³ (Ip¼-f¯v ]p¯³ hoSvþ CS-bnse ho«nÂ) c­m-as¯ aI³ a¯mbn sshZy³(Ip¼-f¯p hSt¡ ]p¯³hoSvþhS-t¡--ä-¯v) aIsf sIm«m-c-¡c henb ho«n hnhmlw Ign-¨-b-¨p.

Ip¼-f¯p ]p¯³ho-«nÂ(CS-bnse ho«nÂ) sXm½³ sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn aq¶v B¬ a¡Ä: sXm½³ sshZy³(X¿n hSt¡-XnÂ)a¯mbn sshZy³(hm-g-bnÂ) tImin sshZy³(Ip¼-f¯v ]p¯³ hoSvþ CS-bnse hoSv).

Ip¼-f¯p hSt¡ ]p¯³ hoSv(hS-t¡-b-ä-¯v) a¯mbn sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn \mev B¬a-¡Ä a¯mbn sshZy³(]pXp-tÈ-cn) C-Sn-¨m­n sshZy³ (hS-t¡-b-ä¯p hS-t¡-XnÂ) KohÀ¤okv sshZy³ (¹m-hn-f-bnÂ) Ipªm-¡m­ sshZy³ (]p¯³ ]pc-bv¡Â).

Ip¼-f¯v tImin sshZysâ `mcy A¶½ acn-¨p-t]m-b-Xn-\p tijw sIm«m-c-¡c ]pe-a¬ hS-¡â-¿¯v ho«n \n¶pw A¨m-½sb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. (A¨m-½sb Xp¼-a¬ sI«n-¨n«v Hcp B¬Ip«n P\n-¨-tijw   `À¯mhv acn-¨p-t]m-bn). A¨m-½-bpsS BZy-hn-hm-l-¯nse aI\pw Ahtcm-sSm¸w tXh-e-¡-c -h-¶p.

tImin sshZysâ c­mw hnhm-l-¯n \memw Xe-ap-d-bmbn A©v B¬ a¡Ä P\n-¨p. tImin sshZy³(-X-¿nÂ), sIm¨p sXm½³ sshZy³(-X-¿n sXt¡-XnÂ), Ip©m­n sshZy³ (sXt¡ X¿nÂ), Ipªm-¡m­ sshZy³(Ip¼-f¯p hS-t¡-XnÂ), IpªpIpcy³ sshZy³(--Ip-¼-f-¯v).

X¿n tImin sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn  aq¶v B¬ a¡Ä: sIm¨p-tImin sshZy³(Icn-t¸m-«v) sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy³ (X¿nÂ) eqt¡mkv sshZy³(X¿n Xncp-h-\-\-´-]p-cw) At±lw {ioaqew alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Ime¯p sIm«mcw I®v sshZy-\mbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-¨p. 

X¿n sXt¡-Xn sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn \mev B¬ a¡Ä: sIm¨p-tImin sshZy³(shÅn-tbm«v) sIm¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy³(sIm¨p ]p¯³ hoSv)-^n-en-t¸mkv sshZy³ (X¿n sXt¡-XnÂ)

sXt¡X¿n Ip©m­n sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn c­v B¬ a¡Ä: sIm¨p-tImin sshZy³ (]m-e-hn-f-bnÂ), sIm¨p sXm½³ sshZy³ (sXt¡ X¿nÂ)

Ip¼-f¯p hS-t¡-Xn Ipªm¡m­ sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn c­v B¬ a¡Ä: sIm¨p sXm½³ sshZy³(]Sn-ªmsd hoSv)-Ip-ªp-tImin sshZy³(Ip¼-f¯p hSt¡-XnÂ).

Ip¼-f¯v IpªpIpcy³ sshZy\v A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn \mev B¬ a¡Ä: tImin sshZy³(sFIy-c-gn-I-¯v)- sIm-¨p-sXm-½³ sshZy³(Ima-¯-d)- Ip-©m­n sshZy³ (-]-Sn-ªmsd Xe-bv¡Â)- Ip-ªm-¡m­ sshZy³(Ip¼-f-¯v)